Abstract Improving environmental conditions in the production of seedlings by expanding the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation in abaxial leaves and protecting the substrate with straw can promote the production of higher quality seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the reflective materials over the cultivation bench and the use of rice straw over the substrate in the formation of papaya seedlings of the group ‘Formosa’. The joint analysis was performed considering a completely randomized experimental design in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with five replications and six seedlings per plot. The use of aluminized screen (Aluminet®) and aluminum foil with an area of 1 m x 1.2 m as reflective material on the cultivation bench and treatment without reflective material were evaluated. Also, the presence and absence of a rice straw layer with 5 cm height, as covering over the substrate were evaluated. In the benches with aluminum foil and without reflective material, the seedling production without rice straw over the substrate provided papaya seedlings of higher quality than the rice straw over the substrate. The aluminum foil produced high-quality papaya seedlings in the treatments with rice straw over the substrate. The aluminized screen on the cultivation bench was not favorable for the papaya seedlings production.

Resumen Mejorar las condiciones ambientales en la producción de plántulas al expandir la distribución de la radiación fotosintéticamente activa en las hojas abaxiales y proteger el sustrato con paja puede promover la producción de plántulas de mayor calidad. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los materiales reflectantes sobre el banco de cultivo y el uso de paja de arroz sobre el sustrato en la formación de plántulas de papaya del grupo ‘Formosa’. El análisis conjunto se realizó considerando un diseño experimental completamente al azar en un esquema factorial 3 x 2, con cinco repeticiones y seis plántulas por parcela. Se evaluó el uso de pantalla aluminizada (Aluminet®) y papel de aluminio con un área de 1 m x 1.2 m como material reflectante en el banco de cultivo y el tratamiento sin material reflectante. Además, se evaluó la presencia y ausencia de una capa de paja de arroz con una altura de 5 cm, como cobertura sobre el sustrato. En los bancos con papel de aluminio y sin material reflectante, la producción de plántulas sin paja de arroz sobre el sustrato proporcionó plántulas de papaya de mayor calidad que la paja de arroz sobre el sustrato. El papel de aluminio produjo plántulas de papaya de alta calidad en los tratamientos con paja de arroz sobre el sustrato. La pantalla aluminizada en el banco de cultivo no fue favorable para la producción de plántulas de papaya.

RESUMO A propagação de Tenuipalpus heveae Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) pode ser controlada utilizando-se o manejo de espécies predadoras como Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Objetivou-se avaliar a predação de N. californicus em diferentes fases biológicas sobre T. heveae em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em condições laboratoriais controladas, contando-se o número de indivíduos predados por fase de desenvolvimento após 24, 48 e 72 h. N. californicus, em todas as fases, consumiu T. heveae, com maior consumo de ninfas e larvas por predadores adultos. Ambos os sexos de predadores adultos demonstraram eficiência de predação; porém, as fêmeas apresentaram maior aceitação a presas adultas do que machos. A taxa diária de predação de adultos foi reduzida ao longo do tempo; contudo, o maior consumo ocorreu nas primeiras 24 h.

ABSTRACT The spread of Tenuipalpus heveae Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) can be controlled by managing predatory species such as Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). This study aimed to evaluate the predation of N. californicus at different biological phases on T. heveae at different development stages. The experiments were carried out under laboratory-controlled conditions, counting the number of predated individuals by development stage after 24, 48 and 72 h. N. californicus, in all phases, consumed T. heveae, with a higher consumption of nymphs and larvae by adult predators. Both sexes of adult predators exhibited predation efficiency, but females showed a greater acceptance of adult preys than males. The daily rate of adult predation decreased over time; however, the highest consumption took place in the first 24 h.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evte the quality of Hevea brasiliensis seedlings, a GT1 clone, produced in protected environments in a variety of substrates. The treatments consisted of 13 substrates composed of combinations of cattle manure, soil from a ravine, medium vermiculite, superfine vermiculite and washed fine sand and two environments: a greenhouse with 50% shade using aluminized screen and a plant nursery with 50% shade using a Sombrite® screen. There were no replications of the environments; therefore, each one was considered an experiment. For each environment, a completely randomized experimental design with five replications was used to evaluate the substrates. Subsequently, the average squares of the residuals of individual variance analyses of these treatments (substrates) were evaluated, and because they did not exceed an approximate ratio of 7:1, a combined analysis of experiments was performed with Sisvar software. Two hundred eighty days after sowing, the dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, diameter at five centimeters above soil and the seedling quality indices were evaluated. Results indicated that substrates with a low amount of manure and sand and a high amount of vermiculite (S9 and S13) produced rubber tree seedlings of high-quality. The environment with greater radiation availability was better for the development of high-quality rubber tree seedlings.

RESUMO Os avanços tecnológicos, no atual contexto mundial, atingem todos os setores de produção, melhorando o cotidiano das pessoas, trazendo rapidez na informação e segurança do produto. O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão de literatura do uso da interface Agricultura 4.0 em casas de vegetação e as melhorias que essas tecnologias trouxeram ao setor. Para o setor agropecuário, em especial a área de produção vegetal intensiva em ambientes protegidos, as tecnologias da Agricultura 4.0 são amplamente aplicadas diminuindo erros humanos e garantindo produtos de elevada qualidade. A modelagem matemática, os softwares, os medidores eletrônicos, a robótica, as decisões dos sistemas inteligentes em tempo real, o controle automático das atividades em todo ciclo de produção garante a segurança de produção intensiva nos sistemas de cultivo protegido e uma ambiência vegetal de precisão. A exatidão, precisão e desempenho da Agricultura 4.0 em estufas dependem, como em outros setores agrícolas, de uma melhor comunicação entre as plataformas digitais e também de uma internet estável para a programação das máquinas e operação nos sistemas de produção.

ABSTRACT Global technological advances can be applied to all production sectors to improve people’s daily lives, efficiently deliver information, and product safety. This study is a literature review of the use of the Agricultura 4.0 interface in greenhouses and the improvements that these technologies have made to the industry. For the agricultural sector, especially intensive plant production in protected environments, Agricultura 4.0 technologies are widely used to reduce human error and ensure high quality plant products. Mathematical modeling, computer software, electronic meters, robotics, intelligent real-time system decisions, and automatic activity control throughout the production cycle guarantees extreme production safety in protected cultivation systems and precision planting environments. The accuracy, precision, and performance of Agricultura 4.0 in greenhouses depends, as in others agricultural sectors, on improved communication between digital platforms as well as in stable Internet for machine programming and operation in the production systems.

RESUMO O sucesso no estabelecimento de um pomar de achachairu (Garcinia humilis) depende do plantio de mudas de alta qualidade. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do nível de sombreamento (0 %, 18 % e 50 %) e da composição do substrato na formação de mudas de achachairu. Foram avaliados quatro substratos (S) oriundos das combinações (v:v) de solo (SO), esterco bovino (EB), substrato comercial (SC), areia (AR) e vermiculita de granulometria superfina (VF), sendo: S1 = 0 % SO + 45 % EB + 20 % SC + 20 % AR + 15 % VF; S2 = 15 % SO + 30 % EB + 20 % SC + 20 % AR + 15 % VF; S3 = 30 % SO + 15 % EB + 20 % SC + 20 % AR + 15 % VF; S4 = 45 % SO + 0 % EB + 20 % SC + 20 % AR + 15 % VF. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em cada ambiente, sendo os ambientes comparados por análise conjunta. As melhores mudas de achachairu foram produzidas no ambiente de tela com 50 % de sombreamento. As mudas de achachairu não se desenvolveram a pleno sol e, portanto, não se recomenda a formação de mudas desta espécie com radiação direta, sem algum nível de sombreamento. Podem ser utilizadas diferentes composições oriundas da mistura de solo, esterco bovino, substrato comercial, areia e vermiculita superfina no substrato.

ABSTRACT The successful establishment of a Garcinia humilis orchard depends on planting high-quality seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the shading level (0 %, 18 % and 50 %) and substrate composition on the formation of G. humilis seedlings. Four substrates (S) were evaluated combining different proportions (v:v) of soil (SO), cattle manure (CM), commercial substrate (CS), sand (SA) and fine grain vermiculite (FV): S1 = 0 % SO + 45 % CM + 20 % CS + 20 % SA + 15 % FV; S2 = 15 % SO + 30 % CM + 20 % CS + 20 % SA + 15 % FV; S3 = 30 % SO + 15 % CM + 20 % CS + 20 % SA + 15 % FV; S4 = 45 % SO + 0 % CM + 20 % CS + 20 % SA + 15 % FV. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in each environment, being the environments compared by a joint analysis. The G. humilis seedlings with the highest quality were obtained in the environment with a 50 % shading screen. G. humilis seedlings do not grow when exposed to full sunlight and, therefore, the seedling production of this species with direct solar radiation, without some shading level, should not be recommended. Different combinations from the mixture of soil, cattle manure, commercial substrate, sand and fine grain vermiculite may be used in the formulation of substrates for G. humilis seedlings.